Ser víctima de bullying: prevalencia y factores de vulnerabilidad en adolescentes / Being a victim of bullying: prevalence and vulnerability factors in adolescents

FUNDAMENTOS: La elevada prevalencia del bullying y sus consecuencias lo convierten en un problema de salud pública. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de ser víctima de bullying entre adolescentes de 15 a 18 años y analizar los factores sociodemográficos y de salud que se asocian con la victimización. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en 844 estudiantes matriculados en 5 institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca (España) en el curso académico 2015-2016. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía variables sociodemográficas y de salud (afecciones clínicas, discapacidad, peso y talla). Ser víctima de bullying y el resto de variables se midieron mediante subescalas del instrumento KIDSCREEN-52, que mide la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de bullying fue 29,5 %. Las víctimas de acoso respecto a las no víctimas presentaron puntuaciones inferiores en todas las subescalas de KIDSCREEN-52. El análisis multivariante mostró que ser chico, tener discapacidad/problema de salud (β=2,349), presentar peor estado de ánimo (β=0,952), peor autopercepción (β=0,967), peor relación con los pares (β=0,978), menores recursos económicos (β=0,976) y percibir menor calidad de vida (β=0,892) fueron variables que se asociaron con aumento del riesgo de ser víctima de bullying. CONCLUSIONES: Los adolescentes más vulnerables son aquellos que presentan problemas físicos, psicológicos o sociales y por tanto son los más desprotegidos. Ser acosado tiene efectos nocivos sobre la salud y el desarrollo socioemocional, por lo que es necesario identificar a los adolescentes con un riesgo mayor

FUNDAMENTALS: The higher prevalence of bullying and its consequences make it a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of being a victim of school bullying among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years and analyze the sociodemographic and health factors associated with victimization. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 844 students enrolled in 5 Secondary Schools of Cuenca (Spain) in the academic year 2015-2016. It is a self-administered questionnaire that includes sociodemographic and health variables (clinical conditions, disability, weight and height). Being a victim of intimidation and the rest of the variables were measured using subscales of the KIDSCREEN-52 instrument, which measures the quality of life related to health. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullying was 29.5%. Victims of harassment regarding non-victims presented lower scores in all subscales of KIDSCREEN-52. The multivariate analysis showed that being boy, having a disability / health problem (β = 2,349), worse mood (β = 0,952), worse self-perception (β = 0,967), worse relation with the pairs (β = 0.978), the lowest economic resources (β = 0.976) and the lowest quality of life (β = 0.892) were variables that were associated with an increase in the risk of being a victim of harassment. CONCLUSIONS: The most vulnerable adolescents are those who present physical, psychological or social problems and therefore are more unprotected. Being harassed has harmful effects on health and socio-emotional development, which is why it is necessary to identify adolescents with a higher risk

Validation to the Spanish of the Jefferson empathy scale health professions students version and its psychometric properties in nursing students.

The ability to empathize with patients has a positive effect on health outcomes and quality of care. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Student version (JSE-HPS) in a sample of 422 nursing students and to compare their factorial structure with that of the original scale. In this study, the Cronbach α value was 0.828. These analyses showed that the scale has a factorial structure with three dimensions and all the items loaded adequately (>0.36) except for item 18 (0.266). The main factor, ̔Perspective taking̕ grouped 10 items; the second factor, ̔Compassionate care̕, grouped 6 items, and the third factor, ̔Standing in the patient's shoes̕, grouped 3 items; 42.2% of the variance was explained. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the Spanish version of the JSE-HPS is a valid and reliable way to evaluate the empathic capacity of nursing students.

¿Es posible detectar casos de acoso escolar a través de la presencia de problemas psicosomáticos? / Is it possible to detect cases of bullying through the presence of psychosomatic problems?

Introducción: la elevada prevalencia del acoso escolar y sus consecuencias lo convierten en un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: analizar, en una población de adolescentes escolarizados, la prevalencia de acoso escolar y su asociación con problemas psicosomáticos. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de 844 estudiantes en cinco institutos de educación secundaria (IES) de Cuenca (España). Mediciones principales: acoso escolar mediante la subescala aceptación social del KIDSCREEN-52 y problemas psicosomáticos con la escala PSP. Resultados: la prevalencia de acoso escolar fue del 29,5%, sin deferencias significativas por sexo ni edad. Las chicas y los adolescentes de mayor edad presentaron problemas psicosomáticos significativamente más altos. Tanto en chicas como en chicos, una mayor presencia de estos se asoció con ser víctima de acoso escolar. Las ecuaciones de regresión realizadas para cada uno de los problemas psicosomáticos mostraron que, además de la influencia del sexo y la edad, ser víctima de acoso escolar es un predictor de peor salud psicosomática y de peor calidad de vida. Los modelos que explicaron mayor porcentaje de la varianza fueron el índice de psicosomáticos (21%), sentirse triste (15%), dolor de cabeza (10%) y dolor de estómago (11%). Conclusiones: los problemas psicosomáticos son frecuentes en adolescentes y especialmente entre las víctimas de acoso escolar. Es aconsejable que los profesionales de la salud, especialmente médicos y enfermeras, consideren seriamente la posibilidad de estar ante una víctima de acoso cuando un adolescente exhibe sintomatología psicosomática, especialmente la relacionada con tristeza, dolor de cabeza o de estómago sin causa orgánica aparente

Introduction: the high prevalence of school bullying and its consequences make it a public health problem. Objective: to analyse the prevalence of school bullying and its association with psychosomatic problems in a population of adolescent students. Materials and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 844 students enrolled in 5 secondary education schools (SESs) in the city of Cuenca (Spain). The main assessment instruments were the social acceptance subscale of the KIDSCREEN-52 (bullying) and the PSP scale (psychosomatic problems). Results: the prevalence of being subject to school bullying was 29.5%, with no differences based on age or sex. We found a higher frequency of psychosomatic problems in female and older adolescents. In students of both sexes, a higher frequency of these problems was associated with being bullied. The regression models built for each of the psychosomatic problems showed that, correcting for the influence of sex and age, being bullied is a predictor of psychosomatic problems and a poorer quality of life. The models that explained the largest percentages of the variance where those for the total score in the psychosomatic problem scale (21%), feelings of sadness (15%), headache (10%) and stomach ache (11%). Conclusions: psychosomatic problems are frequent in adolescents, especially those who are victims of school bullying. Health care professionals, especially doctors and nurses, should strongly consider the possibility of bullying when an adolescent exhibits psychosomatic symptoms, especially sadness, headache or stomach ache, with no apparent organic cause

Factores personales y sociales que protegen frente a la victimización por bullying / Personal and social factors which protect against bullying victimization

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de ser víctima de bullying y analizar la influencia de factores personales y sociales sobre este fenómeno en una población de adolescentes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico, realizado entre alumnos de 15-18 años en cinco institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca durante el curso académico 2015-1016. Las variables de estudio se recogieron mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluyó: edad, sexo, diferentes subescalas del cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 y la escala de resiliencia CD-RISC 10.Resultados: Se recogieron datos de 844 estudiantes (54% chicas), la edad media de la muestra fue de 16,36 años. La prevalencia de víctimas de bullying fue de 29,5%. El análisis multivariante para los factores personales, mostró que ser chica, ser más resiliente, tener mejor autopercepción y bienestar psicológico, protegen frente a ser víctimas. Mientras que el modelo de factores sociales indicó que tienen también un efecto protector los recursos económicos, las relaciones con los padres, amigos y entorno escolar. Conclusión: El bullying es un fenómeno complejo de elevada prevalencia y gran repercusión social. En nuestro trabajo, las características propias de los adolescentes tales como la capacidad de resistencia y el control emocional, así como las relacionadas con su red social de apoyo, son factores protectores frente al bullying. Las políticas de prevención deben ser multisectoriales y multidisciplinares implicando a la familia, entorno escolar y asistencial y red social. Las enfermeras de atención primaria y especialmente la enfermera escolar, podrían facilitar una mayor coordinación entre los distintos sectores y aunar esfuerzos para promover entornos seguros para nuestros jóvenes

Objective: To determine the prevalence of bullying victimization and to analyze personal and social factors influence over this phenomenon in an adolescent population.Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out in 15-18 years old pupils in five secondary schools of Cuenca during the 2015-16 school year. The variables were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and included age, gender, different subscales of the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire and the resilience scale CD-RISC 10.Results: Data were obtained from 844 students (of whom 54% were girls) whose average age was 16.36 years old. The prevalence of bullying victimization was 29,5%. The multivariate analysis for the personal factors showed that being girl, more resilient, having better self-perception and psychological well-being, protect from being victims. Whereas the social factors model indicated that financial resources, parents and peers' relations and school environment do also have a protective effect.Conclusion: Bullying is a complex phenomenon with high prevalence and great social impact. In our work, adolescents' specific characteristics such as resistance capacity and emotional control, as well as the ones related to their social support, are protective factors against bullying. Prevention polices should be multisectoral and multidisciplinary involving the family, school and health environment and social network. Primary care nurses and especially the school nurse could provide greater coordination among the different sectors and join efforts to promote safe environments for our young people

Influencia del estilo de escucha sobre la capacidad empática en estudiantes de Enfermería / Influence of the listening style on the empathic ability among Nursing students

Objetivo: analizar la influencia de los diferentes estilos de escucha sobre la empatía en estudiantes de Enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal, en estudiantes de Enfermería que han realizado asignaturas de prácticas clínicas (n= 557). Variables de estudio: edad, sexo, empatía (Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions [JSE-HPS]) y estilos de escucha (The Listening Styles Profile [LSP-16]). Análisis estadístico: análisis bivariante mediante t de Student y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; análisis multivariante mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: participaron 446 estudiantes (edad media: 22,8 años; 20,4% hombres). Puntuación media en empatía: 118,0 (DE: 12,2). Los valores medios de los estilos de escucha fueron: 12,5 (DE: 1,8) para persona; 9,1 (DE: 2,2) para contenido; 7,5 (DE: 2,7) para acción y 4,8 (DE: 2,8) para tiempo. El análisis multivariado mostró, ajustando por edad y sexo, que la capacidad empática aumenta a mayor puntuación en el estilo centrado de la Persona (ß= 0,243) y, de forma opuesta, disminuye a medida que aumenta el estilo centrado en Tiempo (ß= -0,271). Conclusión: el estilo de escucha orientado a Persona, que se centra en las necesidades y sentimientos del paciente, es el que predomina y aumenta la capacidad empática; mientras que el orientado al Tiempo es característico de los oyentes impacientes y tiene un efecto negativo sobre la empatía. A lo largo de la formación clínica, el alumnado tiene que ser consciente de la influencia de su estilo de escucha durante la interacción con el paciente

Objectives: to analyze the influence of different listening styles on empathy among Nursing students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional study among Nursing students who have completed subjects from practical to clinical (n= 557). Study variables; age, gender, empathy (Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions (JSE-HPS)) and listening styles (The Listening Styles Profile (LSP-16)). Statistical analysis: bivariate analysis through Student's t and Pearson Correlation Coefficient; multivariate analysis through linear regression. Results: in total, 446 students participated (mean age: 22.8 years; 20.4% were male). The mean score in empathy was 118.0 (SD: 12.2). The mean values for listening styles were: 12.5 (SD: 1.8) for People; 9.1 (SD: 2.2) for Contents; 7.5 (SD: 2.7) for Action and 4.8 (SD: 2.8) for Time. The multivariate analysis, adjusted by age and gender, showed that the empathic ability increases when there is a higher score in the People-oriented style (ß= 0.243); and, on the other hand, it is reduced when there is an increase in the Time-oriented style (ß= -0.271). Conclusion: the Person-oriented listening style, which focuses on the needs and feelings by the patient, is the prevailing one and it increases the empathic ability; while the Time-oriented style is characteristic in impatient listeners, and has a negative effect on empathy. During clinical training, students must be aware of the influence of their listening style during their interaction with patients

Influencia de la resiliencia sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes / Influence of resilience on health-related quality of life in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Analizar la influencia de la resiliencia sobre las distintas dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en un grupo de adolescentes escolarizados en la ciudad de Cuenca. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico y polietápico en 5 institutos de Educación Secundaria durante el curso académico 2015-1016. Instrumentos: Cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía variables sociodemográficas y las escalas CD-RISC 10 para evaluar resiliencia y KIDSCREEN-52 para medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. RESULTADOS: Se recogieron datos de 844 estudiantes, de los cuales el 54% fueron chicas y la edad media de la muestra fue de 16,36±1,05 años. Se observaron valores superiores de resiliencia en los chicos. Con respecto a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, fue menor en las chicas (salvo en la dimensión de aceptación social) y en el grupo de mayor edad. La resiliencia se asoció significativamente con todas las dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52 y resultó ser un predictor relevante, especialmente en las dimensiones relacionadas con la salud mental y en todas las que miden relaciones sociales. CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestro estudio aporta evidencias sobre la sinergia calidad de vida relacionada con la salud-resiliencia en adolescentes. La resiliencia se asocia con niveles más elevados de calidad de vida en adolescentes y, al ser menor en chicas, puede ser uno de los factores explicativos de su peor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of resilience on the different dimensions of health-related quality of life in a group of adolescents in Cuenca. METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre and multistage study was carried out in 5 secondary schools during the 2015-2016 school year. Instruments: A self-administered questionnaire, which included sociodemographic characteristics and the CD-RISC 10 scale to assess resilience together with the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 844 students, of whom 54% were girls and the mean age was 16.36±1.05 years. Higher resilience scores were observed in boys. Health-related quality of life was lower in girls (except in the dimension of social acceptance) and in the oldest group. Resilience was significantly associated with all KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions and proved to be a relevant predictor, especially in the dimensions related with mental health and all those that measure social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence on the synergy between health-related quality of life and resilience in adolescents. Resilience is associated with higher levels of quality of life in adolescents and as the scores are lower in girls, it could be one of the explanatory factors for their poorer health-related quality of life

Síntomas psicosomáticos como expresión del deterioro de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes / Psychosomatic symptoms as an expression of the deterioration of the health-related quality of life in adolescents

Objetivo: Analizar, en una población de adolescentes escolarizados, la relación entre síntomas psicosomáticos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) diferenciando por sexo y grupo de edad. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Cinco Institutos de Educación Secundaria. Participantes: Ochocientos cuarenta y cuatro adolescentes de entre 15 y 18 años que cursaban 3.° y 4.° de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. Mediciones principales: CVRS mediante KIDSCREEN-52 y síntomas psicosomáticos con la escala de problemas psicosomáticos (PSP). Resultados: Las chicas y los adolescentes de 17-18 años presentaron síntomas psicosomáticos significativamente más altos, ambos grupos también puntuaron peor en todas las dimensiones de CVRS aunque solo alcanzaron significación las dimensiones relacionadas con bienestar físico, bienestar mental y estado de ánimo y estrés. Todos los síntomas psicosomáticos se asociaron de forma inversa con las 10 dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52. Los modelos de regresión realizados mostraron que tristeza, dificultad de concentración y dificultad para dormir fueron los predictores de peor CVRS en ambos sexos y grupos de edad, y estas variables explicaron entre un 30 y un 41% de la varianza de la CVRS de los adolescentes. Conclusiones: Los síntomas psicosomáticos son más frecuentes en las chicas y en los adolescentes mayores, y predictores de peor CVRS. Es importante diferenciarlos de afecciones médicas para evitar intervenciones innecesarias. Como expresiones de malestar emocional deben ser evaluados y tratados de forma integral porque interfieren en la vida cotidiana y aumentan la vulnerabilidad propia de la adolescencia

Aim: To analyze, in a population of adolescents in school, the relationship between psychosomatic symptoms and the perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), differentiating by gender and age group. Design: Transversal study. Location: Five Secondary Schools. Participants: Eight hundred and forty four adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 in secondary school. Main measurements: HRQoL using KIDSCREEN-52 and psychosomatic symptoms with the psychosomatic problems scale (PSP). Results: Girls and adolescents aged 17-18 years presented significantly higher psychosomatic symptoms, both groups also scored worse in all dimensions of HRQoL, although only the dimensions related to physical and mental wellness, mood and stress reached significance. All psychosomatic symptoms were inversely associated with the ten dimensions of KIDSCREEN-52. The regression models showed that sadness, concentrating difficulties and sleeping difficulties were the predictors of worse HRQoL in both sexes and age groups and these variables explained between 30 and 41% of the HRQoL variance of the adolescents. Conclusions: Psychosomatic symptoms are frequent especially in girls and in older adolescents and predictors of worse HRQoL. It is important to distinguish them from medical conditions to avoid unnecessary interventions. As expressions of emotional discomfort they must be evaluated and treated in an integral way because they interfere with daily life and increase the vulnerability proper of adolescence

Influence of resilience on health-related quality of life in adolescents. / Influencia de la resiliencia sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of resilience on the different dimensions of health-related quality of life in a group of adolescents in Cuenca. METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre and multistage study was carried out in 5 secondary schools during the 2015-2016 school year. INSTRUMENTS: A self-administered questionnaire, which included sociodemographic characteristics and the CD-RISC 10 scale to assess resilience together with the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 844 students, of whom 54% were girls and the mean age was 16.36±1.05 years. Higher resilience scores were observed in boys. Health-related quality of life was lower in girls (except in the dimension of social acceptance) and in the oldest group. Resilience was significantly associated with all KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions and proved to be a relevant predictor, especially in the dimensions related with mental health and all those that measure social relationships. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence on the synergy between health-related quality of life and resilience in adolescents. Resilience is associated with higher levels of quality of life in adolescents and as the scores are lower in girls, it could be one of the explanatory factors for their poorer health-related quality of life.

[Psychosomatic symptoms as an expression of the deterioration of the health-related quality of life in adolescents]. / Síntomas psicosomáticos como expresión del deterioro de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes.

AIM: To analyze, in a population of adolescents in school, the relationship between psychosomatic symptoms and the perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), differentiating by gender and age group. DESIGN: Transversal study. LOCATION: Five Secondary Schools. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred and forty four adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 in secondary school. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: HRQoL using KIDSCREEN-52 and psychosomatic symptoms with the psychosomatic problems scale (PSP). RESULTS: Girls and adolescents aged 17-18 years presented significantly higher psychosomatic symptoms, both groups also scored worse in all dimensions of HRQoL, although only the dimensions related to physical and mental wellness, mood and stress reached significance. All psychosomatic symptoms were inversely associated with the ten dimensions of KIDSCREEN-52. The regression models showed that sadness, concentrating difficulties and sleeping difficulties were the predictors of worse HRQoL in both sexes and age groups and these variables explained between 30 and 41% of the HRQoL variance of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosomatic symptoms are frequent especially in girls and in older adolescents and predictors of worse HRQoL. It is important to distinguish them from medical conditions to avoid unnecessary interventions. As expressions of emotional discomfort they must be evaluated and treated in an integral way because they interfere with daily life and increase the vulnerability proper of adolescence.

Validez de la escala de resiliencia de Connor-Davidson (10 ítems) en una población de mayores no institucionalizados / Validity of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (10 items) in a population of elderly

Objetivos: Evaluar las características psicométricas de la versión española del CD-RISC de 10 ítems en una muestra de personas mayores no institucionalizadas y examinar si mantiene la misma estructura factorial que muestra la escala original. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico de validación de una escala de medida, realizado en 5 zonas básicas de salud de la provincia de Cuenca. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorizado simple, cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 500 mayores, entre 60 y 75 años. Mediciones: variables sociodemográficas, cuestionario Pfeiffer, CD-RISC-10 (resiliencia), PSS (estrés percibido), los componentes físico y mental del SF-12 Mental Status, GDS (depresión geriátrica) y MOS (apoyo social).Resultados Encontramos un único factor subyacente en la escala CD-RISC de 10 ítems. La estructura factorial se testó mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio, comprobándose que un modelo de un único factor mostraba aceptables valores de bondad de ajuste tanto en hombres como en mujeres. La consistencia interna de los ítems se realizó mediante el a de Cronbach que fue de 0,81. Respecto a la validez convergente, las puntuaciones globales de la versión española del CD-RISC-10 correlacionaron directamente con el MOS y los componentes físico y mental del SF-12, e inversamente con las de PSS y GDS. Conclusiones La versión española del CD-RISC-10 mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas y por lo tanto puede ser utilizada como un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la resiliencia en la población de mayores no institucionalizados (AU)

Aims: To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CD-RISC 10-itemsin a sample of the elderly population of Cuenca, Spain; and to assess if the Spanish version preserves the same factorial structure as the original one. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in five health centres in the province of Cuenca. The study included a random sample of 500 people aged 60-75 years who lived within the community. Measurements: The sociodemographic variables, CD-RISC-10 (resilience), PSS (perceived stress), SF-12v2, Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status questionnaire, GDS (geriatric depression), and MOS (social support), were all used to gather data. The number of factors underlying the CD-RISC 10 items was analysed using exploratory factor analysis. Furthermore, this factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Results: A single underlying factor was found in the CD-RISC 10 items. The factor structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and it was found that a single factor model showed acceptable goodness of fit values for both men and women. Convergent validity was performed to test whether the mean scores of the variables were significantly associated with resilience. The Cronbach's α coefficient for the CD-RISC 10 items scale was 0.81. The overall scores of the Spanish version of the CD-RISC-10 items correlated directly with MOS and the physical and mental components of SF-12, and inversely with the PSS and GDS. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the CD-RISC-10 showed good psychometric properties. Thus, it can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure resilience in the non-institutionalized older population (AU)

[Validity of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (10 items) in a population of elderly]. / Validez de la escala de resiliencia de Connor-Davidson(10 ítems) en una población de mayores no institucionalizados.

AIMS: To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CD-RISC 10-items in a sample of the elderly population of Cuenca, Spain; and to assess if the Spanish version preserves the same factorial structure as the original one. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in five health centres in the province of Cuenca. The study included a random sample of 500 people aged 60-75 years who lived within the community. MEASUREMENTS: The sociodemographic variables, CD-RISC-10 (resilience), PSS (perceived stress), SF-12v2, Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status questionnaire, GDS (geriatric depression), and MOS (social support), were all used to gather data. The number of factors underlying the CD-RISC 10 items was analysed using exploratory factor analysis. Furthermore, this factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: A single underlying factor was found in the CD-RISC 10 items. The factor structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and it was found that a single factor model showed acceptable goodness of fit values for both men and women. Convergent validity was performed to test whether the mean scores of the variables were significantly associated with resilience. The Cronbach's α coefficient for the CD-RISC 10 items scale was 0.81. The overall scores of the Spanish version of the CD-RISC-10 items correlated directly with MOS and the physical and mental components of SF-12, and inversely with the PSS and GDS. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the CD-RISC-10 showed good psychometric properties. Thus, it can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure resilience in the non-institutionalized older population.

Factores asociados con calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mayores institucionalizados: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres / Factors associated with health-related quality of life in the institutionalised elderly: differences between men and women

Objetivos. Analizar la asociacion de comorbilidad, capacidad funcional, estado de animo y percepcion de apoyo social con las dimensiones fisica y mental de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), y evaluar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres mayores institucionalizados sin deterioro cognitivo severo en Cuenca. Metodologia. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicentrico realizado en 16 residencias de Cuenca. Se realizo un muestreo aleatorio sistematico, cumplieron criterios de inclusion 281 residentes. Mediciones: variables sociodemograficas, clinicas e instrumentos estandarizados: SF12v2, mini-examen cognitivo, indice de Barthel, escala depresion geriatrica y escala percepcion apoyo social. Se realizaron modelos de regresion lineal multiple diferenciados para la dimension fisica y la mental del SF12 y por genero. Resultados. Un 55% fueron mujeres, con edad media de 82,6; mientras que en los hombres fue de 81,23. La comorbilidad fue mayor en mujeres 1,96, pero en la regresion no se asocio con la dimension fisica de la CVRS y sí lo hicieron discapacidad (β=0,313), sintomatología depresiva (β= -0,164) y percepción de apoyo social (β=0,158). La peor CVRS en mujeres la encontramos en la dimensión mental que se asoció con sintomatología depresiva (β=-0,422) y baja percepción de apoyo social (β=0,154). Conclusiones. Los factores biológicos y funcionales se asociaron con la dimensión física exclusivamente y el estado de ánimo con ambas dimensiones (física y mental). El factor diferencial que podría explicar la peor CVRS en mujeres institucionalizadas se asoció con una vivencia más negativa de la pérdida, tanto de capacidad funcional como de apoyo social (AU)

Aim. To examine the relationship between co-morbidity, functional capacity, mood and perception of social support, and the physical and mental dimensions of the Health-Related Quality of Life and assess the differences between institutionalised elderly men and women without severe cognitive impairment in Cuenca, Spain. Methods. A cross sectional, descriptive and multicentre study was conducted in 16 nursing homes. A representative sample of 281 elderly patients was randomly selected. Measures: demographic, clinic variables and standardised tools: SF12 health questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Geriatric Depression Scale and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. Data (..) analysis was performed using multiple lineal regression models for physical and mental dimension of SF12, differentiated for gender. Results. The sample included 55% elderly women with an mean age of 82.6 years, and 45% men with a mean age of 81.2 years. Comorbidity was higher in women (1.96), but in the linear regression this was not associated with the physical dimension of HRQOL. We found an association with disability (β=313), depressive symptoms (β=-.164) and perceived social support (β=158). The worst HRQOL in women was found in the mental dimension associated with depressive symptoms (β= -.422) and in the low perceived social support (β=154). Conclusions. Biological and functional factors were only associated with the physical dimension, while depression was associated with both dimensions (physical and psychological). The differential factor that could explain the lower HRQOL in institutionalised women could be explained by a more negative experience of the disability and loss of social support (AU)

[Factors associated with health-related quality of life in the institutionalised elderly: differences between men and women]. / Factores asociados con calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mayores institucionalizados: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres.

AIM: To examine the relationship between co-morbidity, functional capacity, mood and perception of social support, and the physical and mental dimensions of the Health-Related Quality of Life and assess the differences between institutionalised elderly men and women without severe cognitive impairment in Cuenca, Spain. METHODS: A cross sectional, descriptive and multicentre study was conducted in 16 nursing homes. A representative sample of 281 elderly patients was randomly selected. MEASURES: demographic, clinic variables and standardised tools: SF12 health questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Geriatric Depression Scale and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. Data analysis was performed using multiple lineal regression models for physical and mental dimension of SF12, differentiated for gender. RESULTS: The sample included 55% elderly women with an mean age of 82.6 years, and 45% men with a mean age of 81.2 years. Comorbidity was higher in women (1.96), but in the linear regression this was not associated with the physical dimension of HRQOL. We found an association with disability (ß=313), depressive symptoms (ß=-.164) and perceived social support (ß=158). The worst HRQOL in women was found in the mental dimension associated with depressive symptoms (ß= -.422) and in the low perceived social support (ß=154). CONCLUSIONS: Biological and functional factors were only associated with the physical dimension, while depression was associated with both dimensions (physical and psychological). The differential factor that could explain the lower HRQOL in institutionalised women could be explained by a more negative experience of the disability and loss of social support.